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Fabrics and waterproofing

Ripstop

Also called ripstop nylon, ripstop weave

What is ripstop fabric?

Ripstop is a weave with thicker reinforcing threads laid in at regular intervals, forming the faint grid you can see on tent and pack fabric. The grid does not stop a tear starting, it stops one that has started from running across the whole panel.

Ripstop at a glance

Grid spacing
Every few mm
Prevents
Tear propagation
Does not prevent
The puncture itself

What the grid actually does

A plain weave under load transmits a tear along whichever thread failed first, so a small puncture becomes a long rip with very little extra force. Ripstop interrupts that by weaving in a heavier thread every few millimetres. When the tear reaches one, it has to break a much stronger thread to continue, and usually stops.

So the benefit is containment rather than prevention. A ripstop panel punctures about as easily as a plain one of the same weight. It just ends up with a hole the size of a coin instead of a slash across the fly, which is the difference between a field repair with a patch and a trip that is over.

Reading the grid

A finer grid means the reinforcing threads sit closer together and a tear is caught sooner, at a small weight cost. Very light shelter fabrics use a tight grid for exactly this reason. Coarse grids on heavier fabrics are relying more on the base weave's own strength.

The grid tells you nothing about waterproofing, which comes from the coating or laminate on top, and nothing directly about toughness, which is a matter of denier, yarn quality and weave density. Ripstop plus a low denier is still a delicate fabric.

What this means when you're choosing

  • A fine grid on very light fabrics, where a tear has the least material to stop it
  • The denier alongside it, since ripstop does not make a 10D fabric tough
  • Whether the floor is a heavier ripstop than the canopy, which it should be

The common mistake

Reading ripstop as tear-proof

It is a containment feature, not armour. A sharp stick goes through 15D ripstop as easily as through anything else of that weight. What the grid buys you is that the resulting hole stays small enough to patch with tape and finish the trip.

Common questions

Does ripstop stop punctures?

No. It punctures like any fabric of the same weight. What it stops is the tear spreading from that puncture across the panel, which keeps the damage patchable.

Is ripstop waterproof?

Not by itself. The weave is a structural feature. Waterproofing comes from a silicone or polyurethane coating, or from a laminate, applied on top of it.

Where this comes up

Guides on Tom's Hiking where ripstop changes which product is right for you.

More in fabrics and waterproofing

DWR

DWR is a chemical finish applied to the outside of a rain shell so water beads up and rolls off instead of soaking into the face fabric. It wears off with use and washing, and reviving it is routine maintenance rather than a repair.

Waterproof-breathable membrane

A waterproof-breathable membrane is a thin film bonded inside a shell fabric with pores small enough to block liquid water but large enough to pass water vapour. It's what makes a rain jacket different from a plastic poncho.

Gore-Tex

Gore-Tex is a brand of waterproof-breathable membrane made by W. L. Gore & Associates, and the name most people know the technology by. Gore licenses it to clothing makers under strict construction rules rather than selling finished garments.

ePTFE

ePTFE is expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, the microporous film at the heart of the original Gore-Tex and several competing membranes. Stretching PTFE creates billions of pores per square inch that block liquid water and pass vapour.

Hydrostatic head

Hydrostatic head measures how much water pressure a fabric holds before it leaks, expressed as a column height in millimetres. A 20,000 mm rating means a 20-meter column of water sat on the fabric before the first drops came through.

MVTR

MVTR measures how much water vapour passes through a fabric in a day, given in grams per square meter per 24 hours. Higher numbers mean a more breathable fabric, with most hiking shells landing between 10,000 and 25,000.

RET

RET measures how much a fabric resists the evaporation of sweat, tested under ISO 11092. It runs the opposite way to most ratings: lower is better, with under 6 counting as extremely breathable and over 20 as barely breathable at all.

Wetting out

Wetting out is when a shell's outer fabric absorbs water instead of shedding it, because the DWR finish has worn off. The membrane still blocks rain, but breathability collapses and the jacket feels like it's leaking from the inside.

Seam tape

Seam tape is a waterproof strip heat-bonded over the stitch line inside a garment or tent. Every needle hole is a hole in the waterproofing, so a shell with an untaped seam leaks there regardless of how good the fabric is.

2L, 2.5L and 3L laminates

These describe how many layers are bonded together in a shell. 2L has a loose liner hanging inside, 2.5L prints a protective pattern straight onto the membrane, and 3L bonds a fabric backer to it. Durability and next-to-skin feel go up with each step.

Denier

Denier is the weight in grams of 9,000 meters of a yarn, written as a number followed by D. It describes how thick the individual threads are, so higher denier usually means a heavier, tougher fabric, though weave and material matter too.

Dyneema Composite Fabric

Dyneema Composite Fabric is a non-woven laminate of UHMWPE fibers sandwiched between polyester films. It is waterproof from the moment it is made, does not stretch or sag when wet, and is the lightest shelter material in common use, at several times the price.

Silnylon

Silnylon is ripstop nylon impregnated with silicone on both faces, the standard fabric for lightweight tents and tarps. It is strong and cheap for its weight, and it stretches when wet, which is why a silnylon shelter sags overnight and needs retensioning.

PU coating

A PU coating is a polyurethane layer applied to the inside of a tent, pack or stuff sack fabric to make it waterproof. It is cheap, takes seam tape well and is what most budget shelters use, and it breaks down with age in a way silicone does not.

Cordura

Cordura is a brand of high-tenacity nylon fabric known for abrasion resistance, used where a pack meets rock and grit. It is a specification a mill licenses rather than a single fabric, so Cordura appears in weights from light shelter cloth to heavy pack bottoms.

Softshell

A softshell is a stretchy woven fabric with a brushed or knitted backing that blocks wind and sheds light rain while still breathing hard. It replaces a rain shell on cold, dry, windy days and is the standard fabric for technical hiking pants.

Base layer

A base layer is the garment worn directly against your skin under everything else. Its job is moving sweat off your skin so it evaporates somewhere other than on you, which is why warmth is a secondary consideration and cotton is disqualified.

Merino wool

Merino wool is fine-diameter wool from Merino sheep, spun for next-to-skin clothing at roughly 17 to 19.5 microns. That fineness is what stops it prickling, and it brings odour resistance and warmth when damp at the cost of abrasion life.

Fabric weight (gsm)

Fabric weight in gsm is the mass of one square meter of the cloth, in grams. On a base layer it is the single number that sets the temperature window: about 150 gsm for warm weather, about 200 gsm for three-season hiking, 280 and up for cold.

UPF

UPF, or Ultraviolet Protection Factor, rates how much ultraviolet radiation a fabric blocks. A UPF 30 garment lets about one thirtieth of the UV hitting it through, so it blocks roughly 96.7 percent; UPF 50 lets one fiftieth through, or 98 percent.

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