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Fabrics and waterproofing

Silnylon

Also called silicone-impregnated nylon, silpoly

What is silnylon?

Silnylon is ripstop nylon impregnated with silicone on both faces, the standard fabric for lightweight tents and tarps. It is strong and cheap for its weight, and it stretches when wet, which is why a silnylon shelter sags overnight and needs retensioning.

Silnylon at a glance

Typical shelter
15D to 30D
Stretch when wet
Noticeable
Silpoly barely moves
Seam sealing
Usually DIY silicone
Price vs DCF
About a third

Why it sags

Nylon absorbs a small amount of water into the fiber itself, and when it does the fiber swells and lengthens. On a pitched shelter that shows up as a canopy that was drum tight at dusk and slack by midnight, and it is a property of the nylon rather than a fault in the pitch.

The usual answers are to pitch it slightly tighter than feels right, to leave a little adjustment in the guylines so you can take up slack without getting out, or to buy silpoly instead. Polyester barely absorbs water, so a silpoly shelter holds its pitch. It is slightly heavier for the same strength and has become the default on a lot of shelters for exactly this reason.

Silicone means you have to seal it yourself

Standard seam tape does not stick to silicone, so silnylon seams are sealed with a silicone sealant thinned with mineral spirits and painted on, rather than heat-taped at the factory. Plenty of shelters ship unsealed with a tube in the box, and a first-trip leak along the ridgeline is almost always this.

A polyurethane-coated fabric is the opposite: tape bonds to PU, so those shelters arrive factory sealed. It is one of the practical trade-offs between the two coatings, alongside PU being heavier and hydrolysing with age.

What this means when you're choosing

  • Whether it is silnylon or silpoly, since only one of them holds its pitch overnight
  • Whether seams arrive sealed, because silicone cannot be factory taped
  • The denier, which is what actually decides durability
  • Adjustable line locks on guylines so you can retension without getting up

Silnylon vs Dyneema Composite Fabric

SilnylonDyneema Composite Fabric
Sag when wetNoticeable. Expect to retension overnightNone. Pitch it once
PriceThe affordable defaultTwo to three times more
HandlingStuffs and packs without much careRoll it. Repeated hard creases degrade the laminate
WeightHeavier, though not by as much as people assumeThe lightest option in common use

Which to pick: Silnylon for most people and anyone hard on gear. DCF if you pitch in the wet often enough that never retensioning is worth the money.

The common mistake

Blaming a sagging pitch on your technique

A silnylon canopy that goes slack a few hours after you pitch it is doing what the fabric does when it takes on moisture. Pitch a touch tighter, leave adjustment in the lines, and stop trying to solve it with stake placement.

Common questions

Why does my silnylon tent sag at night?

Nylon absorbs moisture and the fibers lengthen, so the canopy relaxes as humidity rises. Pitch it slightly tighter than feels necessary and leave adjustment in the guylines. Silpoly shelters do not do this.

Is silpoly better than silnylon?

For holding a pitch, clearly. Polyester barely absorbs water so it stays where you put it and it degrades less in UV. Nylon is stronger for its weight, so silnylon is still chosen where weight is the priority.

Do I have to seam seal silnylon myself?

Usually. Tape will not bond to silicone, so these shelters are sealed with a thinned silicone sealant painted along the seams. Many ship unsealed with the tube included.

Where this is defined

Where this comes up

Guides on Tom's Hiking where silnylon changes which product is right for you.

More in fabrics and waterproofing

DWR

DWR is a chemical finish applied to the outside of a rain shell so water beads up and rolls off instead of soaking into the face fabric. It wears off with use and washing, and reviving it is routine maintenance rather than a repair.

Waterproof-breathable membrane

A waterproof-breathable membrane is a thin film bonded inside a shell fabric with pores small enough to block liquid water but large enough to pass water vapour. It's what makes a rain jacket different from a plastic poncho.

Gore-Tex

Gore-Tex is a brand of waterproof-breathable membrane made by W. L. Gore & Associates, and the name most people know the technology by. Gore licenses it to clothing makers under strict construction rules rather than selling finished garments.

ePTFE

ePTFE is expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, the microporous film at the heart of the original Gore-Tex and several competing membranes. Stretching PTFE creates billions of pores per square inch that block liquid water and pass vapour.

Hydrostatic head

Hydrostatic head measures how much water pressure a fabric holds before it leaks, expressed as a column height in millimetres. A 20,000 mm rating means a 20-meter column of water sat on the fabric before the first drops came through.

MVTR

MVTR measures how much water vapour passes through a fabric in a day, given in grams per square meter per 24 hours. Higher numbers mean a more breathable fabric, with most hiking shells landing between 10,000 and 25,000.

RET

RET measures how much a fabric resists the evaporation of sweat, tested under ISO 11092. It runs the opposite way to most ratings: lower is better, with under 6 counting as extremely breathable and over 20 as barely breathable at all.

Wetting out

Wetting out is when a shell's outer fabric absorbs water instead of shedding it, because the DWR finish has worn off. The membrane still blocks rain, but breathability collapses and the jacket feels like it's leaking from the inside.

Seam tape

Seam tape is a waterproof strip heat-bonded over the stitch line inside a garment or tent. Every needle hole is a hole in the waterproofing, so a shell with an untaped seam leaks there regardless of how good the fabric is.

2L, 2.5L and 3L laminates

These describe how many layers are bonded together in a shell. 2L has a loose liner hanging inside, 2.5L prints a protective pattern straight onto the membrane, and 3L bonds a fabric backer to it. Durability and next-to-skin feel go up with each step.

Denier

Denier is the weight in grams of 9,000 meters of a yarn, written as a number followed by D. It describes how thick the individual threads are, so higher denier usually means a heavier, tougher fabric, though weave and material matter too.

Dyneema Composite Fabric

Dyneema Composite Fabric is a non-woven laminate of UHMWPE fibers sandwiched between polyester films. It is waterproof from the moment it is made, does not stretch or sag when wet, and is the lightest shelter material in common use, at several times the price.

Ripstop

Ripstop is a weave with thicker reinforcing threads laid in at regular intervals, forming the faint grid you can see on tent and pack fabric. The grid does not stop a tear starting, it stops one that has started from running across the whole panel.

PU coating

A PU coating is a polyurethane layer applied to the inside of a tent, pack or stuff sack fabric to make it waterproof. It is cheap, takes seam tape well and is what most budget shelters use, and it breaks down with age in a way silicone does not.

Cordura

Cordura is a brand of high-tenacity nylon fabric known for abrasion resistance, used where a pack meets rock and grit. It is a specification a mill licenses rather than a single fabric, so Cordura appears in weights from light shelter cloth to heavy pack bottoms.

Softshell

A softshell is a stretchy woven fabric with a brushed or knitted backing that blocks wind and sheds light rain while still breathing hard. It replaces a rain shell on cold, dry, windy days and is the standard fabric for technical hiking pants.

Base layer

A base layer is the garment worn directly against your skin under everything else. Its job is moving sweat off your skin so it evaporates somewhere other than on you, which is why warmth is a secondary consideration and cotton is disqualified.

Merino wool

Merino wool is fine-diameter wool from Merino sheep, spun for next-to-skin clothing at roughly 17 to 19.5 microns. That fineness is what stops it prickling, and it brings odour resistance and warmth when damp at the cost of abrasion life.

Fabric weight (gsm)

Fabric weight in gsm is the mass of one square meter of the cloth, in grams. On a base layer it is the single number that sets the temperature window: about 150 gsm for warm weather, about 200 gsm for three-season hiking, 280 and up for cold.

UPF

UPF, or Ultraviolet Protection Factor, rates how much ultraviolet radiation a fabric blocks. A UPF 30 garment lets about one thirtieth of the UV hitting it through, so it blocks roughly 96.7 percent; UPF 50 lets one fiftieth through, or 98 percent.

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