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Fabrics and waterproofing

Dyneema Composite Fabric

Also called DCF, Cuben Fiber, Cuben

What is Dyneema Composite Fabric?

Dyneema Composite Fabric is a non-woven laminate of UHMWPE fibers sandwiched between polyester films. It is waterproof from the moment it is made, does not stretch or sag when wet, and is the lightest shelter material in common use, at several times the price.

Dyneema Composite Fabric at a glance

Typical canopy
0.51 to 0.8 osy
Typical floor
1.0 to 1.43 osy
Water absorption
Essentially none
Price vs silnylon
2x to 3x

Why it behaves so differently from nylon

It is not woven. Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene fibers are laid out in a grid and bonded between two thin polyester films, which means the waterproofing is the material rather than a coating applied to it. A woven fabric relies on a PU or silicone treatment that eventually wears, hydrolyses or delaminates. There is nothing on DCF to wear off.

The consequence hikers actually notice is that it does not stretch. A silnylon tent sags in the night as the fabric absorbs moisture and relaxes, which is why you get up at 2am to retension guylines. A DCF shelter is pitched once and stays where you put it.

What it costs, and what it does not do well

Price is the obvious one: a DCF shelter typically runs two to three times the equivalent in silnylon. Less obvious is abrasion. The films are thin and DCF does not like being scuffed against rock or repeatedly folded along the same crease, which is why careful users roll rather than stuff and why floors are specified in a heavier weight than canopies.

It also has no meaningful stretch to absorb a shock load, so a gust that a nylon tent would ride out arrives in full at the seams and stake-outs. And it is loud in wind, which people either stop noticing or never do.

Where the name confusion comes from

It was sold as Cuben Fiber for years, and the name stuck in the community long after the material was rebranded following its acquisition. DCF, Cuben and Cuben Fiber all mean the same laminate. Dyneema on its own is the fiber brand and also turns up woven into pack fabrics, which is a different material entirely.

What this means when you're choosing

  • The weight in ounces per square yard, which is how DCF is specified rather than in denier
  • A heavier spec on the floor than the canopy, since abrasion is where it fails
  • Bonded rather than stitched seams, which is what the material is suited to
  • Whether you will actually use the pitch-once advantage often enough to justify the price

Dyneema Composite Fabric vs Silnylon

Dyneema Composite FabricSilnylon
Sag when wetNone. Pitch it once and it staysNoticeable. Expect to retension overnight
WeightThe lightest option in common useHeavier, though modern silpoly closes some of the gap
Abrasion and foldingDislikes both. Roll rather than stuffTolerant. Stuffs and packs without much care
PriceTwo to three times moreThe affordable default

Which to pick: DCF if the pitch-once behavior and the weight matter more than the money, and you will look after it. Silnylon for almost everyone else, and for anyone hard on gear.

The common mistake

Stuffing it like nylon

Repeatedly creasing DCF along the same lines degrades the laminate, and stuffing produces random hard folds. Roll it loosely, vary where the folds land, and keep it away from anything sharp in the pack. Treated that way it outlasts the coating on a woven shelter.

Common questions

Is Dyneema Composite Fabric the same as Cuben Fiber?

Yes. The material was sold as Cuben Fiber before it was rebranded, and both names refer to the same non-woven laminate. Woven Dyneema in a pack fabric is a different thing that shares the fiber brand.

Does DCF need seam sealing?

Bonded seams do not, which is the usual construction. Stitched DCF does, and it is worth checking which one a shelter uses because the stitching creates holes the material itself never would.

Is DCF worth the price?

If you pitch in wet weather often, the fact that it does not sag is a genuine nightly benefit rather than a spec-sheet one. If you are hard on gear or hike mostly in dry conditions, silnylon does the job for a third of the money.

Where this is defined

Where this comes up

Guides on Tom's Hiking where dyneema composite fabric changes which product is right for you.

More in fabrics and waterproofing

DWR

DWR is a chemical finish applied to the outside of a rain shell so water beads up and rolls off instead of soaking into the face fabric. It wears off with use and washing, and reviving it is routine maintenance rather than a repair.

Waterproof-breathable membrane

A waterproof-breathable membrane is a thin film bonded inside a shell fabric with pores small enough to block liquid water but large enough to pass water vapour. It's what makes a rain jacket different from a plastic poncho.

Gore-Tex

Gore-Tex is a brand of waterproof-breathable membrane made by W. L. Gore & Associates, and the name most people know the technology by. Gore licenses it to clothing makers under strict construction rules rather than selling finished garments.

ePTFE

ePTFE is expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, the microporous film at the heart of the original Gore-Tex and several competing membranes. Stretching PTFE creates billions of pores per square inch that block liquid water and pass vapour.

Hydrostatic head

Hydrostatic head measures how much water pressure a fabric holds before it leaks, expressed as a column height in millimetres. A 20,000 mm rating means a 20-meter column of water sat on the fabric before the first drops came through.

MVTR

MVTR measures how much water vapour passes through a fabric in a day, given in grams per square meter per 24 hours. Higher numbers mean a more breathable fabric, with most hiking shells landing between 10,000 and 25,000.

RET

RET measures how much a fabric resists the evaporation of sweat, tested under ISO 11092. It runs the opposite way to most ratings: lower is better, with under 6 counting as extremely breathable and over 20 as barely breathable at all.

Wetting out

Wetting out is when a shell's outer fabric absorbs water instead of shedding it, because the DWR finish has worn off. The membrane still blocks rain, but breathability collapses and the jacket feels like it's leaking from the inside.

Seam tape

Seam tape is a waterproof strip heat-bonded over the stitch line inside a garment or tent. Every needle hole is a hole in the waterproofing, so a shell with an untaped seam leaks there regardless of how good the fabric is.

2L, 2.5L and 3L laminates

These describe how many layers are bonded together in a shell. 2L has a loose liner hanging inside, 2.5L prints a protective pattern straight onto the membrane, and 3L bonds a fabric backer to it. Durability and next-to-skin feel go up with each step.

Denier

Denier is the weight in grams of 9,000 meters of a yarn, written as a number followed by D. It describes how thick the individual threads are, so higher denier usually means a heavier, tougher fabric, though weave and material matter too.

Ripstop

Ripstop is a weave with thicker reinforcing threads laid in at regular intervals, forming the faint grid you can see on tent and pack fabric. The grid does not stop a tear starting, it stops one that has started from running across the whole panel.

Silnylon

Silnylon is ripstop nylon impregnated with silicone on both faces, the standard fabric for lightweight tents and tarps. It is strong and cheap for its weight, and it stretches when wet, which is why a silnylon shelter sags overnight and needs retensioning.

PU coating

A PU coating is a polyurethane layer applied to the inside of a tent, pack or stuff sack fabric to make it waterproof. It is cheap, takes seam tape well and is what most budget shelters use, and it breaks down with age in a way silicone does not.

Cordura

Cordura is a brand of high-tenacity nylon fabric known for abrasion resistance, used where a pack meets rock and grit. It is a specification a mill licenses rather than a single fabric, so Cordura appears in weights from light shelter cloth to heavy pack bottoms.

Softshell

A softshell is a stretchy woven fabric with a brushed or knitted backing that blocks wind and sheds light rain while still breathing hard. It replaces a rain shell on cold, dry, windy days and is the standard fabric for technical hiking pants.

Base layer

A base layer is the garment worn directly against your skin under everything else. Its job is moving sweat off your skin so it evaporates somewhere other than on you, which is why warmth is a secondary consideration and cotton is disqualified.

Merino wool

Merino wool is fine-diameter wool from Merino sheep, spun for next-to-skin clothing at roughly 17 to 19.5 microns. That fineness is what stops it prickling, and it brings odour resistance and warmth when damp at the cost of abrasion life.

Fabric weight (gsm)

Fabric weight in gsm is the mass of one square meter of the cloth, in grams. On a base layer it is the single number that sets the temperature window: about 150 gsm for warm weather, about 200 gsm for three-season hiking, 280 and up for cold.

UPF

UPF, or Ultraviolet Protection Factor, rates how much ultraviolet radiation a fabric blocks. A UPF 30 garment lets about one thirtieth of the UV hitting it through, so it blocks roughly 96.7 percent; UPF 50 lets one fiftieth through, or 98 percent.

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