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Stoves and water

Flow rate

What is flow rate?

Flow rate is how fast a filter delivers clean water, usually quoted in liters per minute. The advertised figure is measured on a brand-new filter with clean water, and real flow drops as the element clogs with sediment.

Flow rate at a glance

Advertised
New filter, clean water
Real
Drops as it clogs
Restored by
Backflushing

Why flow rate decides whether you use a filter

A filter's flow rate decides whether you use it. A slow filter turns every water stop into a chore, and the practical outcome is that people drink less and refill less often, which is a real problem on a hot day. It matters more than most specs on the box.

The same words do a second job on a hydration reservoir, where flow is set by the drink tube's bore and the bite valve's opening rather than by an element. Nothing clogs there, so a slow reservoir is slow by design and the fix is a wider tube, not a backflush.

Why the advertised figure is a best case

The number on the packaging is a best case: a new element, clean water, ideal conditions. Field flow is always lower and falls further as the pores load up with sediment. Silty water clogs a filter fast, and glacial melt with rock flour in it can halve the flow in an afternoon.

What you can actually do about it

Most of what you can do about it is upstream. Let cloudy water settle, or pre-filter it through a bandana or the coffee-filter trick, before it reaches the element. Collect from the clearest part of the source rather than the bank. And backflush regularly rather than waiting until the flow is unbearable, since a badly clogged element is much harder to recover.

What this means when you're choosing

  • Whether the quoted rate is gravity-fed or squeezed, which are very different
  • How easy the filter is to backflush in the field
  • Group size, since a slow filter is fine solo and painful for four

The common mistake

Reading the advertised figure as what you will get

It is measured on a brand-new element with clear water. Real flow starts lower and falls from there. Judge a filter on how fast it is after a few days and how easy it is to backflush, not on the number on the box.

Common questions

Why has my water filter got so slow?

Sediment loading the pores, almost always. Backflush it thoroughly, and start pre-filtering cloudy water through a cloth before it reaches the element.

Does a slower filter clean water better?

No. Flow rate and filtration are set by different things: pore size determines what's removed, and flow depends on surface area and how clogged it is.

Where this comes up

Guides on Tom's Hiking where flow rate changes which product is right for you.

More in stoves and water

Canister stove

A canister stove screws directly onto a sealed cartridge of pressurised isobutane-propane. It lights instantly, simmers well and needs no priming, which is why it's the default backpacking stove almost everywhere fuel canisters are sold.

Integrated stove system

An integrated stove system pairs a burner with a matched pot that locks on, usually with a heat exchanger ring on the base. It boils water faster and uses less fuel than a separate stove and pot, at the cost of versatility.

Regulated valve

A regulated valve holds a stove's fuel pressure steady as the canister empties or cools. Without one, output drops off through the canister's life and falls sharply in the cold; with one, the flame stays consistent much further down.

Isobutane-propane blend

Isobutane-propane is the fuel blend inside standard threaded backpacking canisters, usually around 80 percent isobutane and 20 percent propane. Propane provides cold-weather pressure, isobutane provides most of the burn time.

Hollow fiber filter

A hollow fiber filter passes water through a bundle of tiny straw-like tubes whose walls are perforated with pores around 0.1 to 0.2 microns. It's the technology in almost every modern backpacking filter, and a single freeze can destroy it invisibly.

Micron rating

A micron rating states the largest particle a filter lets through, in microns. Backpacking filters are typically rated 0.1 or 0.2 microns, which stops bacteria and protozoa. Viruses are around 0.02 microns and pass straight through.

Backflushing

Backflushing pushes clean water backwards through a filter to dislodge the sediment clogging its pores. It's routine maintenance on a hollow fiber filter, and it's the difference between one that lasts a season and one that lasts years.

Purifier vs filter

A filter physically strains out bacteria and protozoa. A purifier also deals with viruses, which are too small to strain, using chemistry, UV light or a much finer element. Most backcountry hiking needs a filter; international travel often needs a purifier.

Soft flask

A soft flask is a collapsible bottle, usually 250 to 750 ml, carried in the front pockets of a hydration vest. It shrinks as you drink so it doesn't slosh, and you can see exactly how much water you have left.

Hydration bladder

A hydration bladder is a flat water reservoir carried inside a pack with a drinking hose routed over the shoulder. It holds 1.5 to 3 liters, packs flat against your back and lets you drink without stopping or taking the pack off.

Bite valve

A bite valve is the silicone mouthpiece on the end of a hydration reservoir's drink tube. It stays shut until your teeth compress a slit in it, then self-seals when you let go, so water only flows while you are drinking.

Quick disconnect

A quick disconnect is the two-part coupling in a hydration hose that lets you unclip the tube from the reservoir without threading it back through your pack. Both halves usually self-seal, so you can pull the bag out to refill and neither end drips.

Hard-anodized aluminum

Hard-anodized aluminum is aluminum whose surface has been grown into a thick, very hard oxide layer by an electrochemical bath. In cookware it gives a pot that spreads heat far more evenly than titanium and resists scratching far better than bare aluminum.

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