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Sleep systems

Footbox

What is a footbox?

The footbox is the shaped end of a sleeping bag or quilt where your feet sit. It's built with extra volume so the insulation isn't crushed flat by your toes, which is the coldest spot in most sleep systems.

Footbox at a glance

Coldest spot
In most sleep systems
Quilt options
Sewn closed or open
Wants
Extra volume, not compression

Why feet get cold first

Feet are the hardest part of the body to keep warm at night. They're furthest from your core, they produce little heat of their own, and they press insulation flat against the pad from the inside. The footbox is the design response to all three.

What a good footbox does

A good one is cut with extra volume so your toes don't compress the down, and it's often built with a trapezoidal or rounded shape that lets feet rest naturally rather than being held pointed. Some bags add extra fill down there specifically, which is one of the cheapest ways to make a bag feel warmer than its rating.

Closed or open, on a quilt

Quilts split into two camps here, and it's the main decision when buying one. A sewn, closed footbox is warmer and simpler and stops draughts completely. A zipped or snapped footbox opens flat so the quilt doubles as a blanket in summer, at the cost of a seam that can leak warmth and some fiddling in the dark. Neither is wrong; pick based on whether you want one quilt across seasons.

What this means when you're choosing

  • Extra fill or a differential cut at the foot end
  • On a quilt, whether the footbox is closed or opens flat
  • Enough width to sleep with feet apart rather than pointed

The common mistake

Buying an open footbox and never closing it

An open footbox is a genuine choice for warm nights and a genuine problem on cold ones if you do not cinch and clip it properly. Practice closing it at home; doing it for the first time in the dark at 28F does not go well.

Common questions

Why are my feet always cold in a sleeping bag?

Partly circulation, partly that your toes compress the insulation against the pad. A roomier footbox helps, and so do dry socks put on specifically for sleeping and a pad with enough R-value under your feet.

Should I get a quilt with a closed or open footbox?

Closed if you mostly hike in the shoulder seasons and want the warmth. Open if you want one quilt that also works as a summer blanket and you don't mind a slightly draughtier foot end.

Where this comes up

Guides on Tom's Hiking where footbox changes which product is right for you.

Going deeper

More in sleep systems

R-value

R-value measures how well a sleeping pad resists heat escaping into the ground. Higher numbers insulate better, and since 2020 every brand has tested to the same standard, so the numbers finally compare across brands.

Fill power

Fill power measures the loft of down: how many cubic inches one ounce expands to fill. Higher fill power traps more air per unit of weight, so an 850 fill bag is lighter and more compressible than a 650 fill bag of the same warmth.

Fill weight

Fill weight is how much insulation is actually inside a sleeping bag or jacket, given in grams or ounces. Paired with fill power it tells you what a bag's warmth is made of, and it's the number brands are least keen to publish.

Hydrophobic down

Hydrophobic down is down treated with a water-repellent finish so it resists moisture, dries faster and keeps some loft when damp. It delays the failure that untreated down suffers when wet, but it doesn't make down behave like synthetic.

EN/ISO temperature rating

EN/ISO is the standardised lab test that gives sleeping bags their temperature ratings. It produces several figures, and the two that matter are comfort, aimed at a standard cold sleeper, and limit, aimed at a standard warm sleeper.

Mummy bag

A mummy bag is a sleeping bag cut wide at the shoulders and narrow at the feet, with a hood that closes around your head. The taper leaves less air inside for your body to heat, which is why it is the warmest shape for its weight.

Draft collar

A draft collar is an insulated tube around the neck opening of a sleeping bag, cinched to seal the gap at your shoulders. It stops warm air pumping out of the top of the bag every time you move, which is where most heat is lost.

Baffle

A baffle is a fabric wall sewn between the inner and outer shells of a down bag to hold the down in place. Without baffles the down migrates to the low side and leaves cold spots where there's no insulation at all.

Backpacking quilt

A backpacking quilt is a sleeping bag with the back removed and no hood, strapped to your sleeping pad instead. It cuts weight and bulk by deleting insulation that a bag crushes flat underneath you and that does nothing there anyway.

Pad attachment system

A pad attachment system is whatever keeps your bag or quilt joined to your sleeping pad, usually elastic straps that pass under the pad and clip to the quilt. It stops the two separating in the night on any surface that isn't flat.

Underquilt

An underquilt is an insulated quilt that hangs on the outside of a hammock, cradling it from below. Because your body never lies on it, nothing compresses the loft, which is why it works where a sleeping bag underneath you does not.

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