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Trail terms

Cowboy camping

Also called sleeping out, no-tent camping

What is cowboy camping?

Cowboy camping is sleeping outside with no shelter over you: a pad, a bag or quilt, and the sky. It saves the weight and the time of pitching a tent, and it trades away protection from rain, wind, dew, insects and anything that walks past in the night.

Cowboy camping at a glance

Carries
Pad and bag, nothing over you
Main risk
Dew soaking insulation
Best in
Desert and settled dry weather

What you gain

Time and weight, and a genuinely better night in the right conditions. Nothing to pitch means you can stop when you are ready to stop rather than when you find a pitchable site, and you can be walking again ten minutes after waking. In stable dry weather, in a desert or above treeline on a clear night, it is the best sleep on the trail.

Most people who do it still carry the shelter and simply choose not to pitch it, which is the sensible version. Leaving the tent at home turns a comfortable choice into a commitment you cannot reverse at 1am.

What you are exposed to

Dew is the underrated one. A clear calm night radiates heat to the sky and soaks everything, including your bag, and a down bag that gets wet from dew is a genuine problem for the following night. A bivy or even a light tarp overhead solves it.

Then insects, which have no barrier at all, and rodents, which are the actual wildlife issue rather than anything larger: mice chew through packs for food scraps and they are far bolder with nothing between you and them. Food storage rules do not relax because you did not pitch.

Choosing a spot

Look up as well as down. Nothing dead overhead, no obvious drainage line, and if possible a slight rise rather than a hollow, because cold air and dew both pool at the low point. Durable ground matters more than usual since you are lying directly on it, and the same setback distances from water and trail apply.

What this means when you're choosing

  • A pad with enough R-value, since there is no tent trapping any warmth at all
  • A quilt or bag with a shell that shrugs off dew, or hydrophobic down
  • Somewhere to store food properly, which does not change because you skipped the tent

The common mistake

Leaving the shelter at home rather than in the pack

Cowboy camping is a decision you want to be able to reverse when the wind changes at midnight. Carrying the tent and choosing not to pitch it costs you the weight and nothing else. Not carrying it costs you the option.

Common questions

Is cowboy camping safe?

In terms of wildlife, the realistic issue is rodents rather than anything large, and proper food storage handles that. The bigger risks are weather you cannot escape and dew soaking your insulation, both of which argue for carrying the shelter even when you do not pitch it.

How do you deal with dew?

Pick a slight rise rather than a hollow, since cold air and moisture pool at the low point, and prefer a bag or quilt with a water-resistant shell. A light tarp overhead removes the problem entirely for a few ounces.

Where this is defined

Where this comes up

Guides on Tom's Hiking where cowboy camping changes which product is right for you.

More in trail terms

Base weight

Base weight is everything in your pack except food, water and fuel: the gear that doesn't get used up. It's the number backpackers compare, because consumables vary with trip length while base weight is a property of your kit.

Ultralight

Ultralight is a style of backpacking built around a base weight under 10 lb. It gets there by making the big three lighter and by carrying fewer things, which trades comfort in camp and margin in bad conditions for comfort while walking.

Fastpacking

Fastpacking is covering a multi-day route with a pack light enough to run in, somewhere between trail running and ultralight backpacking. Typical loads run 8 to 20 liters, and the trip is usually run downhill and on the flat and hiked uphill.

Thru-hiking

Thru-hiking is walking a long trail end to end in one continuous trip, usually within a single season. The Appalachian Trail, Pacific Crest Trail and Continental Divide Trail are the best-known examples in the US, each taking several months.

Shoulder season

The shoulder seasons are spring and autumn, the months either side of settled summer conditions. Days can be warm and nights near freezing, weather changes faster, and gear that works in July is often not enough in late September.

Three-season

Three-season gear is built for spring, summer and autumn but not sustained winter conditions. It's the default rating for most backpacking equipment, and in practice it means handling rain, wind and light frost but not deep snow.

Layering system

A layering system is the practice of combining a moisture-moving base layer, an insulating mid layer and a protective shell, so you can regulate temperature by adding and removing pieces rather than relying on one heavy garment.

Zero day

A zero day is a day on a long trail where you walk no trail miles at all, usually taken in a town to rest, resupply and deal with logistics. A nero is a near-zero: a handful of miles into or out of town with the rest of the day off.

Postholing

Postholing is breaking through soft snow with each step and sinking to your shin, knee or thigh, leaving a line of holes behind you. It is exhausting, it can drop your pace to under a mile an hour, and it damages the trail for everyone following.

Slickrock

Slickrock is bare, exposed sandstone with no soil on it and no tread cut into it. You walk on the rock itself and follow cairns rather than a path. Dry sandstone gives excellent grip; wet or dusty sandstone gives very little, which is where the name misleads people.

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